{"term": "plural marriage", "display": "Plural Marriage", "slug": "plural-marriage", "patterns": ["plural marriage", "plural wife", "plural wives", "spiritual wife", "celestial marriage", "plurality of wives", "polygamy"], "editorial_note": null, "total_occurrences": 1234, "peak_year": 1853, "peak_rate": 550.42, "by_year": [{"year": 1843, "count": 2, "total_words": 91782, "rate_per_million": 21.79}, {"year": 1844, "count": 1, "total_words": 148488, "rate_per_million": 6.73}, {"year": 1852, "count": 7, "total_words": 178141, "rate_per_million": 39.29}, {"year": 1853, "count": 217, "total_words": 394242, "rate_per_million": 550.42}, {"year": 1854, "count": 15, "total_words": 224740, "rate_per_million": 66.74}, {"year": 1855, "count": 8, "total_words": 295049, "rate_per_million": 27.11}, {"year": 1856, "count": 7, "total_words": 236994, "rate_per_million": 29.54}, {"year": 1857, "count": 15, "total_words": 479497, "rate_per_million": 31.28}, {"year": 1858, "count": 1, "total_words": 60896, "rate_per_million": 16.42}, {"year": 1859, "count": 45, "total_words": 198409, "rate_per_million": 226.8}, {"year": 1861, "count": 6, "total_words": 98288, "rate_per_million": 61.05}, {"year": 1862, "count": 10, "total_words": 153221, "rate_per_million": 65.27}, {"year": 1863, "count": 3, "total_words": 160900, "rate_per_million": 18.65}, {"year": 1864, "count": 3, "total_words": 36220, "rate_per_million": 82.83}, {"year": 1865, "count": 8, "total_words": 14685, "rate_per_million": 544.77}, {"year": 1866, "count": 21, "total_words": 53822, "rate_per_million": 390.18}, {"year": 1867, "count": 31, "total_words": 195597, "rate_per_million": 158.49}, {"year": 1868, "count": 2, "total_words": 19624, "rate_per_million": 101.92}, {"year": 1869, "count": 74, "total_words": 328020, "rate_per_million": 225.6}, {"year": 1870, "count": 12, "total_words": 180637, "rate_per_million": 66.43}, {"year": 1871, "count": 13, "total_words": 132685, "rate_per_million": 97.98}, {"year": 1872, "count": 13, "total_words": 160762, "rate_per_million": 80.86}, {"year": 1873, "count": 13, "total_words": 271184, "rate_per_million": 47.94}, {"year": 1874, "count": 51, "total_words": 248674, "rate_per_million": 205.09}, {"year": 1875, "count": 7, "total_words": 152581, "rate_per_million": 45.88}, {"year": 1877, "count": 3, "total_words": 207335, "rate_per_million": 14.47}, {"year": 1878, "count": 27, "total_words": 226566, "rate_per_million": 119.17}, {"year": 1879, "count": 45, "total_words": 175151, "rate_per_million": 256.92}, {"year": 1880, "count": 3, "total_words": 63702, "rate_per_million": 47.09}, {"year": 1881, "count": 27, "total_words": 302626, "rate_per_million": 89.22}, {"year": 1882, "count": 72, "total_words": 405232, "rate_per_million": 177.68}, {"year": 1883, "count": 12, "total_words": 54720, "rate_per_million": 219.3}, {"year": 1884, "count": 74, "total_words": 373254, "rate_per_million": 198.26}, {"year": 1885, "count": 9, "total_words": 31803, "rate_per_million": 282.99}, {"year": 1886, "count": 31, "total_words": 165705, "rate_per_million": 187.08}, {"year": 1890, "count": 5, "total_words": 1408, "rate_per_million": 3551.14}, {"year": 1892, "count": 3, "total_words": 8006, "rate_per_million": 374.72}, {"year": 1899, "count": 12, "total_words": 181951, "rate_per_million": 65.95}, {"year": 1900, "count": 1, "total_words": 58374, "rate_per_million": 17.13}, {"year": 1902, "count": 2, "total_words": 76029, "rate_per_million": 26.31}, {"year": 1906, "count": 2, "total_words": 139910, "rate_per_million": 14.29}, {"year": 1907, "count": 56, "total_words": 305548, "rate_per_million": 183.28}, {"year": 1911, "count": 14, "total_words": 151268, "rate_per_million": 92.55}, {"year": 1912, "count": 36, "total_words": 247230, "rate_per_million": 145.61}, {"year": 1915, "count": 5, "total_words": 440597, "rate_per_million": 11.35}, {"year": 1917, "count": 2, "total_words": 178703, "rate_per_million": 11.19}, {"year": 1919, "count": 11, "total_words": 441795, "rate_per_million": 24.9}, {"year": 1921, "count": 5, "total_words": 313229, "rate_per_million": 15.96}, {"year": 1922, "count": 9, "total_words": 193307, "rate_per_million": 46.56}, {"year": 1923, "count": 1, "total_words": 170703, "rate_per_million": 5.86}, {"year": 1925, "count": 2, "total_words": 92994, "rate_per_million": 21.51}, {"year": 1927, "count": 1, "total_words": 82845, "rate_per_million": 12.07}, {"year": 1929, "count": 2, "total_words": 67828, "rate_per_million": 29.49}, {"year": 1930, "count": 9, "total_words": 172580, "rate_per_million": 52.15}, {"year": 1931, "count": 6, "total_words": 68129, "rate_per_million": 88.07}, {"year": 1932, "count": 8, "total_words": 124607, "rate_per_million": 64.2}, {"year": 1937, "count": 1, "total_words": 129195, "rate_per_million": 7.74}, {"year": 1945, "count": 1, "total_words": 163663, "rate_per_million": 6.11}, {"year": 1948, "count": 5, "total_words": 181675, "rate_per_million": 27.52}, {"year": 1949, "count": 3, "total_words": 183841, "rate_per_million": 16.32}, {"year": 1950, "count": 3, "total_words": 177338, "rate_per_million": 16.92}, {"year": 1953, "count": 6, "total_words": 148677, "rate_per_million": 40.36}, {"year": 1954, "count": 1, "total_words": 146374, "rate_per_million": 6.83}, {"year": 1955, "count": 2, "total_words": 135169, "rate_per_million": 14.8}, {"year": 1956, "count": 3, "total_words": 135732, "rate_per_million": 22.1}, {"year": 1957, "count": 1, "total_words": 88552, "rate_per_million": 11.29}, {"year": 1958, "count": 1, "total_words": 138294, "rate_per_million": 7.23}, {"year": 1959, "count": 2, "total_words": 145222, "rate_per_million": 13.77}, {"year": 1961, "count": 1, "total_words": 133956, "rate_per_million": 7.47}, {"year": 1962, "count": 2, "total_words": 144766, "rate_per_million": 13.82}, {"year": 1963, "count": 1, "total_words": 156118, "rate_per_million": 6.41}, {"year": 1965, "count": 1, "total_words": 149048, "rate_per_million": 6.71}, {"year": 1969, "count": 1, "total_words": 137147, "rate_per_million": 7.29}, {"year": 1970, "count": 1, "total_words": 94815, "rate_per_million": 10.55}, {"year": 1971, "count": 4, "total_words": 268403, "rate_per_million": 14.9}, {"year": 1972, "count": 5, "total_words": 251958, "rate_per_million": 19.84}, {"year": 1973, "count": 1, "total_words": 283987, "rate_per_million": 3.52}, {"year": 1974, "count": 4, "total_words": 310764, "rate_per_million": 12.87}, {"year": 1975, "count": 4, "total_words": 274906, "rate_per_million": 14.55}, {"year": 1976, "count": 4, "total_words": 276826, "rate_per_million": 14.45}, {"year": 1978, "count": 5, "total_words": 245980, "rate_per_million": 20.33}, {"year": 1979, "count": 8, "total_words": 221927, "rate_per_million": 36.05}, {"year": 1980, "count": 2, "total_words": 232056, "rate_per_million": 8.62}, {"year": 1981, "count": 2, "total_words": 215762, "rate_per_million": 9.27}, {"year": 1983, "count": 1, "total_words": 177799, "rate_per_million": 5.62}, {"year": 1985, "count": 1, "total_words": 215677, "rate_per_million": 4.64}, {"year": 1986, "count": 1, "total_words": 203937, "rate_per_million": 4.9}, {"year": 1988, "count": 4, "total_words": 191636, "rate_per_million": 20.87}, {"year": 1992, "count": 2, "total_words": 204012, "rate_per_million": 9.8}, {"year": 1993, "count": 3, "total_words": 221819, "rate_per_million": 13.52}, {"year": 1995, "count": 1, "total_words": 223761, "rate_per_million": 4.47}, {"year": 1996, "count": 1, "total_words": 214343, "rate_per_million": 4.67}, {"year": 1998, "count": 7, "total_words": 229714, "rate_per_million": 30.47}, {"year": 1999, "count": 1, "total_words": 199044, "rate_per_million": 5.02}, {"year": 2001, "count": 1, "total_words": 233551, "rate_per_million": 4.28}, {"year": 2002, "count": 2, "total_words": 219766, "rate_per_million": 9.1}, {"year": 2003, "count": 2, "total_words": 199453, "rate_per_million": 10.03}, {"year": 2006, "count": 7, "total_words": 213278, "rate_per_million": 32.82}, {"year": 2007, "count": 2, "total_words": 224911, "rate_per_million": 8.89}, {"year": 2008, "count": 6, "total_words": 218972, "rate_per_million": 27.4}, {"year": 2009, "count": 3, "total_words": 198355, "rate_per_million": 15.12}, {"year": 2010, "count": 3, "total_words": 195401, "rate_per_million": 15.35}, {"year": 2011, "count": 9, "total_words": 188227, "rate_per_million": 47.81}, {"year": 2013, "count": 1, "total_words": 180511, "rate_per_million": 5.54}, {"year": 2014, "count": 1, "total_words": 187357, "rate_per_million": 5.34}, {"year": 2015, "count": 1, "total_words": 187955, "rate_per_million": 5.32}, {"year": 2016, "count": 2, "total_words": 178542, "rate_per_million": 11.2}, {"year": 2020, "count": 13, "total_words": 162852, "rate_per_million": 79.83}, {"year": 2023, "count": 1, "total_words": 103624, "rate_per_million": 9.65}, {"year": 2024, "count": 3, "total_words": 174571, "rate_per_million": 17.18}], "by_year_role": {"1852": {"apostle": 7}, "1853": {"apostle": 213, "prophet": 4}, "1854": {"apostle": 10, "prophet": 1}, "1855": {"apostle": 3, "prophet": 4, "unknown": 1}, "1856": {"apostle": 4, "prophet": 3}, "1857": {"apostle": 15}, "1858": {"apostle": 1}, "1859": {"apostle": 43, "prophet": 2}, "1861": {"prophet": 6}, "1862": {"apostle": 1, "prophet": 9}, "1863": {"apostle": 2, "prophet": 1}, "1864": {"prophet": 3}, "1865": {"prophet": 8}, "1866": {"apostle": 3, "prophet": 2, "unknown": 16}, "1867": {"apostle": 30, "prophet": 1}, "1868": {"apostle": 1}, "1869": {"apostle": 73, "prophet": 1}, "1870": {"apostle": 4, "prophet": 7}, "1871": {"apostle": 7, "prophet": 6}, "1872": {"apostle": 8, "prophet": 2}, "1873": {"apostle": 5, "prophet": 8}, "1874": {"apostle": 47, "prophet": 4}, "1875": {"apostle": 4, "prophet": 2}, "1877": {"apostle": 3}, "1878": {"apostle": 27}, "1879": {"apostle": 24, "unknown": 21}, "1880": {"apostle": 3}, "1881": {"apostle": 25, "unknown": 2}, "1882": {"apostle": 68, "prophet": 3, "unknown": 1}, "1883": {"apostle": 10, "prophet": 2}, "1884": {"apostle": 72, "unknown": 2}, "1885": {"unknown": 9}, "1886": {"apostle": 16, "unknown": 15}, "1899": {"apostle": 12}, "1900": {"": 1}, "1902": {"": 2}, "1906": {"": 2}, "1907": {"": 10, "seventy": 46}, "1911": {"": 14}, "1912": {"seventy": 36}, "1915": {"apostle": 5}, "1917": {"": 2}, "1919": {"": 1, "prophet": 10}, "1921": {"": 5}, "1922": {"": 9}, "1923": {"": 1}, "1925": {"": 2}, "1927": {"": 1}, "1929": {"": 2}, "1930": {"": 9}, "1931": {"": 6}, "1932": {"": 8}, "1937": {"": 1}, "1945": {"": 1}, "1948": {"": 5}, "1949": {"": 3}, "1950": {"": 3}, "1953": {"": 6}, "1954": {"": 1}, "1955": {"": 2}, "1956": {"": 3}, "1957": {"": 1}, "1958": {"": 1}, "1959": {"": 2}, "1961": {"": 1}, "1962": {"": 2}, "1963": {"": 1}, "1965": {"": 1}, "1969": {"": 1}, "1970": {"": 1}, "1972": {"apostle": 2, "prophet": 1}, "1973": {"apostle": 1}, "1974": {"apostle": 1, "prophet": 2}, "1975": {"apostle": 2}, "1976": {"apostle": 1}, "1978": {"unknown": 2}, "1979": {"apostle": 4}, "1980": {"apostle": 2}, "1981": {"apostle": 1}, "1983": {"apostle": 1}, "1985": {"prophet": 1}, "1986": {"prophet": 1}, "1988": {"prophet": 2}, "1993": {"apostle": 2}, "1996": {"prophet": 1}, "1998": {"prophet": 7}, "1999": {"apostle": 1}, "2001": {"apostle": 1}, "2002": {"apostle": 2}, "2003": {"unknown": 1}, "2007": {"apostle": 2}, "2008": {"apostle": 6}, "2009": {"unknown": 1}, "2011": {"apostle": 1}, "2013": {"unknown": 1}, "2015": {"unknown": 1}, "2016": {"apostle": 1}, "2023": {"unknown": 1}, "2024": {"unknown": 3}}, "quotes": [{"year": 1853, "speaker": "Orson Pratt", "role": "apostle", "source": "apostle_book", "title": "The Seer", "talk_id": "book:the-seer", "text": "band for a wife. Did this sacrifice them and smote Mariam with the produce the desired effect ? Yes it so leprosy. (Numbers 12.) Did not the highly pleased the Lord that He heark- Lord by this act show most clearly ened unto Leah, and she conceived, that He approbated polygamy, and and bare Jacob a fifth son. And Leah that he held sacred to Moses the wives said, “ God hath given me my hire, he had taken ? Did not God himself because I have given my maiden to give laws through Moses to regulate", "matched_pattern": "polygamy"}, {"year": 1855, "speaker": "Brigham Young", "role": "prophet", "source": "jod", "title": "Utah Delegate to Washington—U.S. Government and Officers", "talk_id": "jod:vol02-utah_delegate_to_washington__etc_", "text": "The people abroad are at enmity with us; we expect this, for they have been our enemies ever since we were Saints, or professed to be. Are they opposed to us in consequence of the doctrine which has been alluded to by brother Bernhisel, I mean polygamy? No. Let the Methodists, Church of England, Presbyterians, or any other popular church, adopt that principle, and it would be applauded to the skies. They are not opposed to us in consequence of the doctrine of polygamy.", "matched_pattern": "polygamy"}, {"year": 1862, "speaker": "Brigham Young", "role": "prophet", "source": "jod", "title": "A Knowledge of God Obtained Only Through Obedience to the Principles of Truth", "talk_id": "jod:vol09-a_knowledge_of_god_obtained_only_through_obedience_to_the_pr", "text": "\"But were you not persecuted for teaching that odious doctrine called polygamy?\" No. We were planted in these valleys before it was publicly made known to the people. Only a few of Joseph Smith's intimate friends knew it previous to its, being published to the world, which was several years after his death. We have not been driven from our homes since it was published.", "matched_pattern": "polygamy"}, {"year": 1869, "speaker": "George A. Smith", "role": "apostle", "source": "jod", "title": "Celestial Marriage—Bishops and Deacons Should be Married—Divorce", "talk_id": "jod:vol13-celestial_marriage__etc_", "text": "Now, instead of God's blessing Rachel and Jacob and their offspring, as we are told He did, we might have expected something entirely different, had it not been that God was pleased with and approbated and sustained a plurality of wives.", "matched_pattern": "plurality of wives"}, {"year": 1884, "speaker": "John Taylor", "role": "apostle", "source": "jod", "title": "The Gathering—The Lord Will Punish the Wicked—Polygamy and Prostitution—Statistics of Crime Committed By Mormons and Non-Mormons The Wickedness of the New England States—The Debased Position of U. S. Officials As Exhibited in the Courts of Utah", "talk_id": "jod:vol25-the_gathering__etc_", "text": "1st. Congress made a law which would affect both; and cohabitation with more than one woman was made a crime whether in polygamy or out of polygamy.", "matched_pattern": "polygamy"}, {"year": 1899, "speaker": "James E. Talmage", "role": "apostle", "source": "apostle_book", "title": "The Articles of Faith", "talk_id": "book:the-articles-of-faith", "text": "appeals were taken to the national court of final resort, and at last a decision was rendered sustaining the anti-polygamy laws as constitutional and therefore binding. The Church, through its chief officer, thereupon discontinued the prac- tice of plural marriage, and announced its action to the world j solemnly placing the responsibility for the change upon the nation by whose laws the renunciation had been forced. This action has been approved and confirmed by the official vote of the Church in conference assembled.^", "matched_pattern": "plural marriage"}], "shifts": [{"year": 1865, "z": 8.17, "rate": 544.77, "direction": "rise"}, {"year": 1879, "z": 2.42, "rate": 256.92, "direction": "rise"}, {"year": 1885, "z": 1.8, "rate": 282.99, "direction": "rise"}, {"year": 1890, "z": 40.21, "rate": 3551.14, "direction": "rise"}, {"year": 1931, "z": 4.39, "rate": 88.07, "direction": "rise"}, {"year": 1972, "z": 3.13, "rate": 19.84, "direction": "rise"}, {"year": 1979, "z": 4.5, "rate": 36.05, "direction": "rise"}, {"year": 1998, "z": 4.39, "rate": 30.47, "direction": "rise"}, {"year": 2006, "z": 2.67, "rate": 32.82, "direction": "rise"}], "canonical": {"corpus_source": "canon", "corpus_version": 1, "historical_window": [1850, 1920], "modern_window": [2010, 2026], "floor_per_million": 225, "source": "fallback_regex", "early_count": 1034, "modern_count": 34, "early_total_words": 10520569, "modern_total_words": 2630684, "early_rate": 98.284, "modern_rate": 12.924, "impact": 660.5, "direction": "decline", "qualifies_for_top_40": false}}